Causes Of Horner Syndrome

Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis

First described in 1831, cavernous sinus thrombosis is a life-threatening condition that most often develops in conjunction with sepsis. This type of thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one of the deep veins at the base of the skull. Patients with this condition may have a high fever, headache, visual disturbances, and rapid swelling of the periorbital area. Patients may notice pain or numbness in the face, and eye movements could be impaired. At times, the eyelids can swell, and the pupils may appear uneven or excessively dilated.

Cavernous sinus thrombosis typically occurs as a late-stage complication after an infection of the central areas of the face or the paranasal sinuses. Less commonly, it could develop following trauma, bacteremia, ear infections, or maxillary teeth infections. To diagnose this condition, doctors rely on CT and MRI scans, and treatment consists of high doses of intravenous antibiotics and anticoagulants. Cavernous sinus thrombosis has a very high fatality rate, and patients who survive may have long-term health problems, including permanent double vision. The illness could lead to strokes or brain abscesses, and blindness, and some survivors might develop an underactive pituitary gland.

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